《科学》发表研究报告 从人体提取皮肤细胞注入特定基因 成功改造成干细胞。
北大学子造出“万能细胞”
在美带领研究的是中国科学家俞君英 她从事该研究约4年
据新华社报道,美国和日本大学的研究人员北京时间今晨分别发表论文,宣布成功把人体皮肤细胞改造成类似胚胎干细胞的“万能细胞”。其中在美国带领研究的是一名毕业于北京大学的中国科学家。
学界评价这一突破为生物科学的“里程碑”,同时可能意味着风靡一时的胚胎干细胞克隆技术退出舞台。
成果
皮肤细胞变“万能”
科学家把从人体上提取的皮肤细胞注入特定基因,成功改造成干细胞。由于这种干细胞能通过基因组合控制,因此有“万能细胞”、“变色龙细胞”之称,有望最终培育成人体组织或器官。

俞君英在汤姆森实验室内进行有关干细胞的试验
美日两国研究小组今晨分别在两家权威科学杂志上发表相关研究报告。美国威斯康星大学詹姆斯・汤姆森实验室的研究发表在《科学》杂志上,研究小组由中国科学家俞君英领导。
日本京都大学教授山中伸弥领导的研究小组把报告发表在《细胞》杂志上。
前景
可用于移植医疗
日本科学家山中伸弥在一份声明中说:“无需人类卵子或胚胎,我们现在有望制造出用于病人和疾病的特定干细胞。这些细胞有助于了解疾病机理、找出有效而安全的药物、用细胞疗法治疗病人。”
詹姆斯・汤姆森作出类似评估:“与人体胚胎细胞类似,这种人体万能细胞能应用于人体组织形成及功能研究、发现和试验新药、移植医疗等。”
在提及技术推广前景时,汤姆森说:“人们不知道这有多容易。美国数以千计的实验室基本明天就能做到。”
记者连线
北大学子领导研究
今天上午,本报记者联系到身在美国的中国籍科学家俞君英博士本人。
这次研究是由俞君英领导进行的。她说,这次的突破其实是一个新的开始,打开了人类更广范围利用细胞进行研究的新局面。
俞君英毕业于北京大学,是2003年到汤姆森研究室开始工作的,同时也开始了这个新项目的研究。
俞君英介绍,除了她之外,研究小组里还有其他中国研究员。
此外,威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校行政部工作人员今晨告诉本报记者,汤姆森实验室开始于1998年,由美国国家健康部门和地方基金会资助,有约17位研究员。
该实验室由曾经成功分离干细胞的美籍科学家汤姆森主持。
“万能细胞”产生过程
1提取细胞日本从一名36岁女性的脸部、美国从一名新生儿的阴茎包皮上提取皮肤细胞
2注入基因把4种基因注入皮肤细胞,这些特定基因能够“重组”皮肤细胞的基因
3改造成功普通人体皮肤细胞成功改造成干细胞
4培育器官从理论上讲,这种干细胞的功能类似通过胚胎克隆技术取得的胚胎干细胞,能够最终培育成人体组织或器官
俞君英人物简介
姓名:俞君英
国籍:中国
学历:博士
籍贯:浙江诸暨
本科毕业院校:北京大学
出国时间:1997年
留学院校:美国宾夕法尼亚大学
毕业时间:2003年
现工作单位:威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校汤姆森实验室
职位:助理科学家
学界评价
意义相当于首架飞机问世
学界对这一研究给予高度评价。因为这种被称为“直接改造”的技术不仅能避免人体胚胎克隆技术引发的伦理争议,其高效、便利也为进一步医学应用打开了大门。
“我们现在可以设想这么一个时代:能够以一种简单方式制造干细胞,任何人身上的组织标本均能培育出任何组织器官。”
----世界首只克隆羊多利的“助产士”、英国科学家伊恩・威尔默特在一份声明中说。
“这项研究是一个了不起的科学里程碑。从生物学意义上讲,相当于莱特兄弟制造的首架飞机。”
----致力于人体胚胎克隆技术研究的美国细胞高级技术研究所首席科学家罗伯特・兰扎不惜溢美之辞。
Nobel worthy discovery by a Chinese scientist in U.S.
Two research groups have found different genetic recipes to give ordinary skin cells the power to turn into virtually any kind of human tissue, just as embryonic stem cells do.
If the recipes live up to their promise, they could someday end the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell research — and usher in an era when a person's own cells could be manipulated to mend a broken spinal cord, heal a damaged heart or regenerate other failing tissues.
But in their current state, the recipes are too risky for disease treatment, and even the scientists behind the latest studies cautioned that therapies are still years away. In announcing their discoveries, they emphasized that much more research still needs to be done on stem cells that have been derived from human embryos.
"It's not the time to say human embryonic stem cell research is dead," James Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, who is behind a study appearing in the journal Science, told msnbc.com.
Kyoto University's Shinya Yamanaka, the principal author of a study published by the journal Cell, echoed that view, saying it would be "premature" to conclude that the cells created in his lab could replace embryonic stem cells.
The two sets of findings are already stirring up fresh controversy among scientists.
Edinburgh University's Ian Wilmut — who led the research that gave rise to Dolly, the first cloned sheep, a decade ago — has been quoted as saying he's abandoning his cloning efforts to adopt the new approach. But another stem cell pioneer, Advanced Cell Technology's Robert Lanza, said he was alarmed at Wilmut's statement and worried that the new studies would drown out other stem cell research like a "tidal wave."
"This work represents a tremendous scientific milestone, the biological equivalent of the Wright brothers' first airplane," Lanza, ACT's chief scientific officer, told msnbc.com. "It's a bit like turning lead into gold. But this is not over by a long shot. It's extremely important to temper this announcement with caution."
Lanza said he would continue his work on a technique to extract stem cells from human embryos without destroying the embryo itself.
No embryos required
The recipes detailed in Cell and Science don't require embryos at all — or even unfertilized human egg cells. Instead, the technique involves slipping a set of four genes into skin cells, in a specially prepared culture that coaxes the cells to behave like an embryonic stem cell.
Like embryonic stem cells, these reprogrammed cells become "pluripotent" — that is, they're capable of turning themselves into virtually any tissue type in the human body, including neurons and heart tissue. They also exhibit many of the other biochemical properties of embryonic stem cells, although they're not genetically identical to stem cells.
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