美国《洛杉矶时报》评论版12月11日发表了中国作家余华的文章《中国之秋并非阿拉伯之春》(Chinese Autumn is no Arab Spring)说,中国的民众就像一根根筷子。每根筷子势单力薄,但“愤怒的筷子”集结起来,就会爆发革命。作者认为中国的前面只有两条路:民主化或是革命。
一根筷子还是一把筷子?
文章的开头说,当年,年轻的毛泽东在煽动革命时,想到用一个生动的方法向那些没有受过教育的听众传达自己的观点。他拿起一根筷子,把它一折两半。然后他拿起一把筷子,筷子却无法被折断了。
余华在文中指出,毛向人们展示,只要大家并肩而立,革命的浪潮就会势必可挡。余华认为,正是通过集结这些分散在中国各地的“愤怒的筷子”,毛最终得以在1949年10月1日登上天安门,宣布成立他的共和国。
在余华看来,一根筷子还是一把筷子再次成为中国目前所面临的问题。他说,中国政府清楚,“愤怒的筷子”遍布中国各地,但是他们相信,只要“筷子们”是分散的,就可以把他们一一折断,不管数量有多少。
与此同时,据美国之音中文网报道,对于余华理解的民主,中国敢言媒体《南方周末》前时评员笑蜀在自己的新浪微博上发表一篇题为《心灵上的独立才是真独立,心灵上的抗争才是真抗争》的文章指出:“辛亥革命靠得是一个省一个省的独立,未来革命靠得是这样的一个人一个人的独立。”这个观点被认为有点像主张一根筷子理论,而没强调一把筷子理论。
笑蜀说,做媒体如江艺平胡舒立卢跃刚、做律师如张思之陈有西斯伟江,做学者如资中筠贺卫方钱刚,做公务员如御史在途,他们不是斗士,但他们都是文明人。“我们社会中也决非只有他们才是文明人,他们那样的文明人往往就在我们身边。我的社会缺乏文明人,但更缺的是对自己身边的文明人的发现。”笑蜀说,“发现他们,把他们当标杆,像他们那样专业,坚韧,悲悯,你就已经不合作了,你就已经独立了,你就已经抗争了。”笑蜀此番话被认为强调的是“筷子”本身的质量,而不是强调“一把筷子”的数量。
网络名人莫之许在自己的推特上批评笑蜀的观点说,全世界所有的政治学教科书都说政治是集体行动,笑蜀却把这些理论都颠覆了。知名网络人北风也说,笑蜀这种说法,目的还是“消解抗争。中国政府手中的国家机器,绝对不怕个体的孤立抗争,怕的是抗争力量的合纵连横。”网名“不锈钢老鼠”的北京居民刘荻也在其推特上说:“小团体成员之间的紧密联系在斗争中很重要,不过,超出一定规模就需要用其他组织方式了。”
群体事件频发昭示中国之春临近?
中国每年爆发数以万计的群体抗争的事件。特别是在阿拉伯世界掀起茉莉花革命浪潮后,中国民众的维权意识日渐觉醒。《华尔街日报》中文网曾发表评论文章,引援清华大学教授孙立平发布的研究显示,2010年中国大陆发生了超过18万起的抗议和骚乱事件,比10年前增加3倍以上,且社会动荡仍在加剧。
如此多群体事件能否在中国掀起一场茉莉花革命?中国宪政学者章立凡说,中国疆域辽阔,加上政府不惜斥重金维持稳定,星星之火难以燎原。
他说:“中央政权在镇压各地的骚乱事件上很有经验。它现在也是这样,强力维稳,发现一处,扑灭一处,绝不让它连成片。”
章立凡认为,维稳在中国已经变成一个产业,地方和军队都希望通过维稳来多要钱,导致维稳开支越来越高。他说,事实上,地方上并不是真心希望维稳,他们甚至希望出现一些骚乱,通过镇压来博取政绩。
20111年5月9日,大陆《财经》杂志刊登文章“公共安全账单”,其中明确提出:6,000亿元(1人民币约0.157美元)公共安全支出尚不能完全涵盖直接或间接用于维护社会稳定的费用。孙立平指出,中国社会最大的威胁是社会溃败,但中共“稳定压倒一切”的思维定势,其结果却使社会溃败的趋势日益明显。
早在十多年前,前中共高层领导人赵紫阳就曾指出,中国如果不想搞政改,只有靠几种办法拖延统治:依靠军警、控制舆论、将事件灭于萌芽中、防止任何有组织的活动,让百姓处于一盘散沙。如今这些方法在中国当局采取的维稳手段中得到一一印证。余华在他的文章中说,目前摆在中国面前的只有两条道路:自上而下的民主和自下而上的革命。这两条道路都可能是漫长的。余华认为,让执政者放弃权力或是团结起散落在中国各地的“愤怒的筷子”都不是易事。余华写到,尽管中国的高官不喜欢民主,但事实上,只有民主才是他们掌控财富、保卫性命的关键。
章立凡说,中国的革命都是通过“以暴易暴”的形式完成的。近一个多世纪以来中国的历史则是改良与革命的赛跑。辛亥革命的爆发就是由于是改良没有革命跑得快。章立凡说,从理性的角度,他个人希望避免革命,用最小的代价、和平的方式来完成这次社会转型,这需要执政当党有足够的智慧。章立凡说:“我的观点就是五年看改,十年看埋。如果说在十八大以后,新核心在他们的第一任期内不能够启动政治体制改革的话,我认为也就不必启动了,那就是只有等着最终被人民唾弃。”
章立凡认为,中国并非没有实现和平转型的可能。由于互联网的普及和经济全球化的出现,人们获得资讯的能力大大加强了,跟世界上普世价值的沟通也更加便捷,甚至还出现了历史上从未有过的公民社会。但是中国高层间的争斗,地方执政者和北京之间的博弈,都将使这条道路十分漫长而艰难,恐怕会陷入长期的僵局。
中国政治仍在1.0时代?
《德国之声》中文网12月10日中国学者吴祚来的文章《中国政治何时进入2.0时代?》指出,当网络进入到2.0时代后,从接受单向信息到自由发表言论,技术革命唤醒了中国公众在政治层面的自主意识。但是,中国政治却仍停留在1.0时代,一点没有升级的迹象,执政者在自言自语,无法和公民社会形成互动。当今的“人民”作为一个名词,已经被权力者用死了。他认为,执政党不愿意看到公民社会的到来,妄想通过强力打压,使公民社会胎死腹中,让单面社会的一点零时代,永远不升级。
余华(1960年4月3日-),中国作家,浙江杭州人,后随父母迁至海盐县。中学毕业后,曾从事牙医五年后弃医从文,现定居北京从事职业写作。余华从1984年开始发表小说。《十八岁出门远行》是他的成名作,代表作品有《兄弟》、《许三观卖血记》、《活着》、《在细雨中呼喊》等。其中《活着》海外获奖无数,中国导演张艺谋据此改编的同名电影由葛优主演,在大陆文化界引起广泛争议。
《中国之秋并非阿拉伯之春》(Chinese Autumn is no Arab Spring)全文及译文如下:
When the young Mao Tse-tung agitated for revolution, he found a vivid way to get his point across to an uneducated audience: He picked up a single chopstick and snapped it in two. Then he picked up a handful of chopsticks:They would not break. Thus he showed that so long as everyone stood side by side, no force could withstand the tide of revolution. By gathering together China's scattered, indignant chopsticks, Mao finally was able to ascend Tiananmen — the Gate of Heavenly Peace — on Oct. 1, 1949, and announce the establishment of his republic.
Whether chopsticks come singly or in a handful is now an issue in China again. Mao's successors, however, do the opposite of what he advocated, mobilizing immense resources to keep chopsticks from gathering together. The government knows that angry chopsticks are everywhere, but as long as they stay scattered, it believes it can break them in two, whatever their numbers.
Thus it is that "stability maintenance" has become a key term in contemporary China. The government does not make public what it spends to maintain stability, but popular estimates go as high as 600 billion yuan. As mass protests become more frequent, that figure can only increase.
Most of these incidents are triggered by something relatively minor. A young woman's unexplained death in 2008 in Wengan County, in Guizhou province, led to the burning of 160 offices, the destruction of 40 vehicles and injuries to more than 150 people. When a cook in the town of Shishou, in Hubei province, was found dead in 2009, his family, rejecting police statements that it was a suicide, refused to allow an autopsy and laid the body out in the foyer of the hotel where the cook had worked, attracting a crowd of thousands. Many clashes with the police followed, leaving the hotel damaged, police officers injured and fire engines and police cars overturned. Such incidents are a signal that China's scattered chopsticks are angry. Sometimes all it takes is a family dispute or an argument between neighbors to get people venting their rage at the government.Maintaining stability, we're told, is more important than anything else. Our government likes to stress the rule of law, but when stability needs to be maintained, the law goes out the window. Now that human rights lawyer Chen Guangcheng and his family have been confined to house arrest in their home village, many people have attempted to visit them and express their support. But as soon as they get anywhere near his home, they are waylaid by toughs who beat them up and steal their wallets. "What happened to the rule of law?" people ask online. The rule of law must be taking a vacation up in heaven, too far away to hear.
Sometimes stability maintenance reaches truly comic levels. When the Jasmine Revolution roiled North Africa this spring, the traditional ballad "Jasmine Flower" was banned in China. A friend of mine who had used the song in a just-completed TV program was told to remove it, and a substitute song about peonies got the thumbs down too. In the end, he learned that no song involving flowers of any description would be permitted.
Everywhere threats are seen. When the Occupy Wall Street movement began in the U.S., our official media reported on it with relish, thinking it had found a stick it could use to beat Western society. But when activists called for a worldwide protest Oct.15, some Chinese began to contemplate occupying China's central bank and securities regulatory commission. The government finally realized that protest movements in Western democracies are just as capable of inspiring revolutionary sentiments among Chinese chopsticks as protest movements in dictatorships. And so Occupy Wall Street, like "Jasmine Flower" before it, was blocked on the Web and in the media.
When China's leadership saw how Moammar Kadafi was shot in the street, how Saddam Hussein was marched onto the scaffold and how Hosni Mubarak was tried as he lay in a cage — when they saw, as those autocrats lost power, how their families lost everything too — they must have sensed, I think, that it is not democracy they should fear but revolution. As the relatives of our high officials grow more wealthy, they emigrate to democratic countries (never to dictatorships); they know that the possibility of revolution in China is growing by the day. They know that revolution is never reasonable, that it drips with blood.
When chopsticks group themselves together into handfuls, revolution will erupt. Although our top officials dislike democracy, democracy is actually the key to their being able to hold onto their wealth and protect their lives. That's because in a democracy right and wrong are never entirely clear-cut. These people have money to burn, and in a democracy they can always hire some smooth-talking lawyers to plead their case and get them off the hook.
So in my view, there are only two roads ahead for China: democratization or revolution. Either road is likely to be long. In the first case, the Communist Party will never willingly relinquish its privileges but will only give them up incrementally, under pressure. In the second, it's no easy matter for the scattered, isolated chopsticks to consolidate in the face of lavishly financed stability maintenance.
On July 1, 1921, 13 representatives of the Chinese Communist Party slipped away from Shanghai in an effort to avoid arrest by the Kuomintang police. They convened their party's first congress on a boat in Jiaxing's South Lake. On July 1 this year, a meeting was held to celebrate the party's 90th anniversary, and Hu Jintao gave the keynote address, listing the party's many great achievements. At the same time, a post began to circulate on the Internet.
"If I could go back in time," someone says, "I'd want to be at the South Lake in Jiaxing on July 1, 1921."
"Why's that?" he is asked.
“I could have called the police.”【译文】
当年轻的毛泽东鼓动革命的时候,他找到了一个很浅显明确的方式,让没受过教育的听众理解他的意思:他拿起一根筷子,突然把它折成两段。
然后,他又拿起一把筷子,却无法折断。这样,他就让人们知道,只要所有人都团结在一起,那么任何力量都无法抵挡革命的大潮。毛泽东把中国那些零散的、对现实不满的“筷子”汇聚到一起,最终让他站到了天安门城楼上----1949年10月1日宣布成立了他的共和国。
现在,中国又面临了这个相同的问题:筷子们是单独存在的还是团结在一起的。不过,毛泽东的继任者们的所作所为与他当初所提倡的是截然相反的,他们动用了非常多的资源让筷子们无法团结到一起。政府清楚,愤怒的筷子遍布全国,然而只要他们是分散的,政府就能轻易地折断他们,再多也无所畏惧。于是,“维护稳定”就成了当代中国最重要的一个词。政府不公开它为了维稳而动用多少人力物力,但是民间流传估计维稳花费高达6000亿元人民币。随着大规模示威抗议更加频繁,这个数字会只增不减。
(引起示威抗议的)大部分事件都是由小事引起的。贵州省瓮安县一个女子的无故死亡导致160间政府办公室被烧、40辆车被毁、150多人受伤。2009年湖北石首一名厨师死亡,警察称系自杀,其家人拒绝尸检并将尸体抬到厨师工作的酒店大厅外,吸引了上千人围观。许多人与随后到来的警察发生了冲突,破坏酒店、造成警察受伤、砸翻警车。这样的事件都是信号:中国分散的筷子们已经愤怒了。有时候,导火索只是一个家庭纠纷或邻居之间的争吵,然后人们就把愤怒的发泄口对准了政府。
政府告诉我们:维稳压倒一切。我们的政府喜欢强调依法治国,但是当与维稳相关时,法律就被抛之脑后了。现在,人权律师陈光诚和他的家人被软禁在家乡,许多人尝试拜访他们表达他们的支持。但是这些人只要一接近他家的时候,他们就会遭遇歹徒,打他们一顿,抢走他们的钱包。人们在网上问道:依法治国哪去了?法治一定跑到天堂去度假了吧,它听不到(我们的呼唤)。
有时候维稳会达到相当滑稽的程度。当茉莉花革命今年春天在北非掀起动荡时,传统歌谣“好一朵美丽的茉莉花”竟然在中国被禁了。我的一个朋友把这首歌用在一部刚刚完成的电视节目中,却被强制要求删除了。并且,他用一首关于牡丹花的歌代替竟也被禁止了。最后他明白了,包含什么花的歌曲都不允许播放。
到处都能看到威胁。当美国开始占领华尔街运动时,我们的官方媒体对这件事津津有味地报道着,以为找到了一个可以打西方脸的理由。但是当这些运动者呼吁全世界在10月15号进行示威运动时,一些中国人开始准备占领中国央行和证监会。政府终于意识到西方民主国家的抗议运动会在中国筷子们中间激起与反抗极权统治一样的革命情绪。因此,占领华尔街运动就与之前的茉莉花运动一样,被网络和媒体封锁了。
当中国的领导人看到卡扎菲如何在街上被枪击,萨达姆如何走上绞刑架,穆巴拉克如何在笼子里挣扎时,他们看到这些独裁者失去权力,看到独裁者的家人也随之失去一切时,我觉得,他们必须认识到,他们应该害怕的是革命而不是民主。我们高官的亲戚们越来越富有后,都移民去了民主国家(而不是专制国家);他们知道中国革命的可能性一天一天地在增大。他们知道革命不是请客吃饭,是要流血的。
当筷子们团结在一起的时候,革命就会爆发了。尽管我们的高官们不喜欢民主,但实际上民主却是他们能够保住财富、保住性命的出路。那是因为,在民主社会里,对与错都不是完全两分的。这些人有钱可烧,所以在民主社会里就可以雇佣花言巧语的律师为他们辩护,帮他们摆脱困境。
所以在我看来,中国的前面只有两条路:民主化或是革命。每条路都很长。(因为)第一,共产党不愿意放弃自己的特权,只能逐渐地在压力之下放弃特权。第二,那些分散孤独的筷子们想要团结在一起对抗靡费巨资的维稳也并非易事。
1921年的7月1日,中国共产党的13名代表们悄悄离开上海,逃脱了国民党警察的抓捕。他们在嘉兴南湖的一条船上召集了这个党的第一次会议。在今年的7月1日,共产党举办会议庆祝这个党的90岁生日,胡锦涛做了主题演讲,历数共产党的许多重大成就。同时,一个帖子也开始在网络上流传:
“如果我能穿梭时间,”有人说:“我想回到1921年7月1日的嘉兴南湖。”
“为什么?”有人问。
“我就可以叫来警察。”
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